by Garry Wills

from Martial's Epigrams: A Selection, translated and with an introduction by
Garry Wills

Martial—Marcus Valerius Martialis, c. 40–c. 102 CE—was a provincial, though from a province, Spain, rich in grains and in human talent. He came to the imperial center, Rome, to get fame and fortune by his art of ridicule. He won the fame, at least, though he had at times to crawl for it—as did his fellow Spaniards Seneca, Lucan, and Quintilian. He crawled a bit more nimbly than they, since Nero arranged the deaths of Seneca and Lucan. Martial got to Rome just as Nero's reign was ending, but he had to live through a long reign of the repressive emperor Domitian (81-96 CE). He dodged and flattered well enough to get safely back to Spain, late in his fifties, where he praised his escape to primitive bliss—until he had to give up the pretense. He yearned back toward the city, cesspool though he called it. He had to have material for his satire.

He was like later gossip columnists, out night after night prowling for what they can devour by denouncing. He is a Winchell in elegiac distichs. Or, more properly, he is like the gossip columnist in Evelyn Waugh's Vile Bodies, who makes a living off the absurdities and vices of his own society by mocking them. He is a complicitous critic, half enjoying what he sneers at, mixing entertainment with revulsion. He is a reforming voyeur, a compromised Savonarola. It is a complex role, not reducible to any one of its components.

What connection might Martial have with modern America? Well, like the Romans, we Americans celebrate rural virtue while wallowing in urban vices. Augustus, in founding the empire, pretended to be saving the republic. This set up an endless round of antinomies, of people professing simple pieties while indulging in complex depravities—the very people Martial homed in on with his radar for pretense and masquerading. Romans ostentatiously disavowed the depravity, real and supposed, of Greece, of "Oriental" cults and fads, while jostling each other to get at that forbidden fruit.

Of course, other cultures have felt the same stresses and rumblings, and I do Martial no service by comparing him with Winchell. Gossip columnists have come in much more artistic forms. A Swift, a Pope, a Dryden have played the court tattletale and raised their snide whisperings to a kind of cosmic thunder over the end of civilized behavior. Pope turned the heroic couplet into a literary guillotine. Head after head rolled away from his exquisite apparatus. Here goes Lord Hervey's noll:

Fop at the toilet, flatterer at the board,
Now trips a lady, and now struts a lord.

And here goes Addison's:

Like Cato give his little Senate laws,
And sit attentive to his own applause.

Or those of fading dowagers:

A fop their passion, and their prize a sot;
Alive ridiculous, and dead forgot.

And here he dispatches his critics:

Yes, I am proud; I must be proud to see
Men not afraid of God, afraid of me.

Martial, too, is a master of the quick dispatch (8.54):

You're beautiful and sinful—in a trice
I'd settle for less looks to get less vice.

Just as quick (11.66):

How can the slippery son of a bitch,
With all his vices, not be rich?

Or (12.20):

Of course we know he'll never wed.
What? Put his sister out of bed?

Or (2.38):

What, Linus, can my farm be minus
When it successfully lacks Linus?

Or (3.9):

His verse was meant to strike me low,
But since he wrote it—who will know?

Or (12.54):

In you there's not a single thing to laud.
To turn out honest were your greatest fraud.

Some translators of Martial feel that to be modern, to be authentic, they must not resort to things as forced, now, and artificial, as regular meter, stanzas, rhyme. But if that is how they feel, they should steer clear of ancient epigram, whose whole appeal lies in a studied formality. To have any force at all, epigram must add artifice to baser urges. In English we lack most of the resources of such artifice—the endlessly interlockable verbal patterns of an inflected language. We lack that form's verbal architectonics. If we give up tools that offer even partial recompense for the loss of such structure, the Englished epigrams lose their focus. Martial was as focused as a predator stalking its prey. His light but hard-hitting lines blend low matter with high polish, the intimate and the impersonal, the tough and the graceful. They pick up dung with silver tongs.

The point of some epigrams is to get close enough in the early lines to deliver a sudden stab in the last. Over and over the tone can seem praising, luring the victim close enough for a final vicious swerve to strike home (4.84):

Men flock to Thais
    From north and south,
Yet she's a virgin—
    All but her mouth.

The epigram toys with its victim, as cats play with mice (4.87):

Cold Bassa leans and coos
    At baby's little shoes.
Shows warmth of heart?
    No, masks a fart.

But at other times, instead of wanting to get near enough for intimate betrayal, the epigrammatist does not allow others to get near him. A prize example comes from Catullus, who wrote epigrams rarely but superbly—as in this response to an overture from Julius Caesar (93):

Join your party?
    I might,
        mighty Czar,
Could I remember
    quite
        who you are.

That cool brush-off makes Samuel Johnson look clumsy and overheated when he spurns Lord Chesterfield's offer of patronage. The supreme statement of a haughty distance may be Martial 1.32:

Mister Sabidius, you pain me.
I wonder (some) why that should be
And cannot tell—a mystery.
You inexplicably pain me.

Catullus could fight dirty—not with brass knuckles, but golden knuckles (I6):

For veritable man I cannot pass?
Then what's that down your mouth and up your ass?
I thrust into the right receptacle—
For what you say is not acceptable.
You claim my verses seem effeminate
In what they hint and what they boldly state.
But poets are not what they write for others.
Their lives may meet the standard of their mothers.
I write not for the young, combustible,
Forever ready and all lust-able.
I want to bring back ancients who were young—
My lines reanimate the feebly hung.
You think I've aged into the latter class?
Then what's that down your mouth and up your ass?

Martial, too, could fight dirty (6.36):

A bent huge nose, a monstrous cock to match,
Curved each into the other, what a snatch!

The epigrammatists dignified such exercises by claiming disgust at social decline or aberration. They even claimed a noble lineage. As Homer founded epic, epigram had a legendary forebear in the seventh-century Greek poet Archilochus. As Horace put it in The Poet's Craft (79):

Archilochus made anger keep its head,
And killed men metronomically dead.

Of course, one could not openly rebuke an emperor in Martial's repressive era, when poets survived (if they did) by a studied (only slightly snickering) sycophancy. Like his friends and fellow Spaniards Seneca and Lucan, Martial tried to calculate the least degree of abasement he could get away with, alternately chafing at the boundaries and knuckling under. Under Domitian's reign (81-96), Martial could not venture even veiled subversion; but, like most of his contemporaries, he welcomed the brief respite under Nerva (96-98 CE), and earlier, with Titus (79-81 CE), he seemed genuinely enthusiastic. He wrote a series of little poems to celebrate that emperor's opening of his amphitheater (later called the Colosseum). Though it is a myth that Christians were fed to lions in that huge colander of blood, the combat of gladiators with each other and with beasts was sufficiently bloody, and Martial expresses a fan's delight in the mayhem. He was a Roman after all, and how can the author of epigrams question any art of cruelty? He admires the way a huge animal can be defeated with nothing more substantial than fisherman's gear (Spectacles II):

Rolled over in the bloody dust,
The bear can make no freeing thrust.
The thin compulsion of a net
Is firm in gauzy layers set.
So beasts can, though they soar in air,
Come netted earthward, like the bear.

For Martial, the epigrammatist was a retiarius. He at least half-meant his abject praise of Titus as Master of the Games (Spectacles 31):

My hurried style no criticism raises—
One never errs in hurrying your praises.

Despite such kowtowing to the forms of patronage, Martial likes to undermine most forms of convention. Ancient poets liked Catullus' picture of a girl lamenting her pet bird, a sentimental scene from Greuze. Martial will seem to indulge the same device, only to reveal its sexual subtheme in one line (7.14):

Fate humbles her, she's lost her pet,
    No bird by soft Catullus sung,
No dove plunged to a hell of jet,
    Whose praises stretch the poet's lung.
Rather, a mite of few years yet,
    But mightily already hung.

Everything in Martial's short insult poems exists for the final thrust. We are meant to respond as the Venetian friar did when stabbed by Vatican henchmen: "I get the point" (stilo). English translations sacrifice other things to get to the essential. This often makes the translation more economical than its original, since Martial's preliminary fencing is done with tools we cannot use.

Martial belonged to the educated class that, in the Roman Empire, could live by patronage and art, so long as one did not challenge the established system (as Ovid and Lucan did). There was little danger of that with Martial, since he was a social conservative, as are most satirists who castigate "deviants" (Juvenal and Persius in the ancient world, Pope and Waugh later on). Martial seems "daring" because he pushes conventional limits, but he does it for conventional standards. His poems are bisexual in the accepted way of his time, praising pliable boys and frisky women, but he upholds classical misogyny and the view that the only decent homosexual relation is that of an active male adult and a passive boy. Other relationships, including any between women and women, are treated as shameful—as are all forms of oral sex (fellatio as well as cunnilingus, whether performed by males or females).

For Martial, the highest virtue is friendship, and the greatest wrong is betrayal of friends. His frequent attacks on the patronage system (by which he lived) focus on the way most patrons failed to rise to the level of friendship professed by them. Treating men of power as friends keeps him from thinking he has to accept their political programs. The deepest statement of his values may be this (5.42):

A thief can rifle any till,
A fire with ash your home can fill,
A creditor calls in your debt.
Bad harvest does your farm upset,
An impish mistress robs your dwelling,
Storm shatters ships with water swelling.
But gifts to friends your friendships save.
You keep thus always what you gave.

He dwells often on the complex etiquette of gift-giving and gift-receiving, loans extended and loans unpaid, banquets welcoming or dismissing clients. The epigrams are a treasure trove of information on the Roman social customs of his time. Martial celebrates his and his friends' birthdays. (He was named Martialis for his own birth in March, the month of Mars.) His misogyny did not prevent him from accepting a villa in his native Spain from a female patron, and his apolitical life did not keep him from sycophancy to the emperors. The greatest moralists know how to cut moral corners. We like them still when they attack the other hypocrites in their world.

Not all of Martial's epigrams are satirical or insulting. He often pays tribute—to a friend, a hero, a landscape. One of the heroes he celebrates is the Younger Cato's daughter, Portia (1.42):

Of Brutus' end when frantic Portia learned,
Her friends hid weapons while for death she yearned.
She cried, "Who keeps me from my chosen date?
Like Cato's daughter I shall earn my fate."
Deprived of arms, she took coals from the fire
And, swallowing death, achieved her last desire.
Vainly to keep her from the sword they tried—
Some forms of steel are not to be denied.

He could pay a friend this gracious compliment (1.39):

If ancient virtues could abound,
If wisdom were with goodness found,
If learning did with vigor thrive,
And loyalty were still alive,
If challenged honor were defended,
And gods were not by stealth offended,
If any of these things were true—
Where find them, Decius, but in you?

To avoid crass flattery, he can turn a wry compliment (12.51):

Friend Gullible, so often taken in,
Lacks our familiarity with sin.

He could be tender, as in this lament for a little slave (5.34):

My parents in the Underworld! I send
This servant girl—take care and gently tend,
Conduct her past the terrifying shade.
Keep her of circling horrors unafraid,
For she, alas, was only six days shy
Of six years when too soon she came to die.
Protect her as she plays her childhood games,
And lisps, as shyly she was wont, our names.
Earth, sadly mounded on this gravesite new,
Press lightly on her, as she did on you.

The only tender love poems are pederastic, like this (10.42):

Your hint of beard just barely is,
It is a froth, a breath, a fizz.
A sunbeam or a wandering breeze
Displaces it with nudging ease.
Girls brush it with a dainty thumb
That sweeps the down off from a plum.
And when you give me kisses free,
Your shadow beard dusts off on me.

The classical view of pederasty was the opposite of ours. We accept gay sex between consenting adults, but treat sex with minors as child abuse. But the latter was the ideal for moralists of Martial's time.

Martial sometimes poses as a henpecked husband, but only because that is a typical comic situation. He never marrried. When the emperor Titus gave him "the privilege of three children" (jus trium liberorum)—an incentive Augustus instituted to increase the population—it was a reward for Martial's poem on the opening of the amphitheater. Martial had no children, at least not legitimate ones.

But for all his softer or more lyrical epigrams, Martial will always be best known for his insult poems, the dirtier the better. He often attacks promiscuity, here with a typical twist at the end (7.30):

Barbarian hordes en masse you fuck,
Odd types into your bed you tuck,
You take on blacks and Asian forces,
And Jews, and soldiers, and their horses.
Yet you, voracious Roman chick,
Have never known a Roman dick.

Here is the insult parliamentary (6.23):

You want my cock at full attention
If sex you casually mention?
No matter how you coax men's tools,
Hand "makes a motion" face o'errules.

And this is the insult histrionic (6.6):

Your lady's with the art scene all aglow.
To theater she is devoted so,
That, after screwing each star in the show,
To players of the "smallest parts" she'll go.

Here is as far as insult can go (7.18):

Your face entices, and your thighs—
Why are you shunned by all the guys?
Because when in your cunt they drill,
Its liquids clack and gurgle, shrill.
You hold your tongue—no other part
Will sound off (not a single fart).
But cunt keeps up its squish and squeal
Of gibberish without repeal.
You hope your men will cease to balk?
Then teach that lower mouth to talk.

But for all the interesting matter in these epigrams, it is their manner that Martial was really interested in, the way he played his verbal games. The most striking feature of his poems is their self-referentiality. In the index of subjects at the end of this book, it is apparent that Martial's main subject was the writer's life—his own work, his models, his audience, his rivals, his patrons. That it was all a game can be seen from the fact that he boasts that he never harmed a living reputation. (Pope would have considered himself a failure if that had been said of him.) Martial referred to real people, and used their real names, in his praise poems. He does not direct his attack poems against real people (unlike Dryden and Pope), and the names he uses are fictitious (not pseudonyms, as in Pope). The names are there to give a spurious particularity to the game, along with sonorous sound effects. Often they are Greek names, to appeal to the Roman suspicion of "Eastern" perversions. Since such names do not fit as readily into English iambs as they do into Latin elegiacs—and since they are not real names, and they have not the sinister Greek aura to the modern reader—I omit most proper names in the attack poems. It is often said that epigrams should be sampled one or a few at a time. Martial thought so, too. He wrote (10.1):

If this book seems too long,
Just read from it one song.
In this way, whittling it
And reading bit by bit,
A little book with ease
You make it, as you please.

The way Martial played his game as a game can be seen in his inventive creation of outlandish hyperbole, as at 11.21, which has the absurdist fantasy of an obscene Edward Lear:

Her cunt—broad as an asshole that you
Might spot on some equestrian statue—
Is wide as rolling hoop that thumps you,
Wide as the wheel a gymnast jumps through,
As gaping as a rotten shoe
Or thrown net that the light shines through,
As wambly as an unfurled awning,
Or bracelet from a thin arm yawning,
As floppy as an emptied pillow,
Or lax as hobo pants that billow,
As gulping as a pelican
That fish into its pouch does cram.
They claim I fucked her in a pond?
Not so, since her cunt is the pond!

That is not a malicious attack on some real woman, but a naughty game meant to elicit a socially pretentious shock. The effect he aimed for is clear from 6.60:

He reads my verses, just to be in fashion,
But finds himself whipsawed by sudden passion.
He frowns, then chortles—chokes at what he reads—
And calls them the most infamous of screeds,
Then he goes pale, as under some indicting—
You've got him, poems! That's what I call writing.

About the Author
Garry Wills took his doctorate in the classics and taught ancient Greek at Johns Hopkins University before becoming the Henry Luce Professor at Northwestern University. He is now Professor of History Emeritus at Northwestern. His recent translation of Saint Augustine's Confessions was hailed by critics. Wills has written many works on history and religion, including the New York Times bestsellers What Jesus Meant, What Paul Meant, and What the Gospels Meant. His works on American history have received many awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for Lincoln at Gettysburg.

Martial's Epigrams: A Selection
Viking